Fungal Production of Xylanase from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches via Solid State Cultivation

Efri Mardawati, MTAP Kresnowati, Ronny Purwadi, Yazid Bindar, Tjandra Setiadi

Abstract


The abundance of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), the lignocellulosic biomass waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industries, offers a potential for its application as raw material for biorefinery. Its xylan content in particular, suggests that EFB can be used as raw material for xylanase production. This article studies xylanase production by fungal Trichoderma viride ITB CC L67, Aspergillus niger ITB CC L51, and Penicillium sp. ITB CC L96 using EFB as the substrate in solid state fermentation. The aims of this research are to evaluate the incubation time to produce the highest xylanase activity, to explore the effect of particle size of EFB on xylanase activity and to determine the optimal operation condition of each significant variable, including temperature and substrate ratio (g EFB in mL liquid medium) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).  The method of Central Composite Design (CCD) is employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the operation condition, which significantly affected the enzyme activity. The incubation time of  T. viride, A. niger, and Penicillium sp. were observed to produce xylanase .  The result show that the xylanase activity is increase in the early phase of incubation at 0-36 hours, and remained constant afterward. At the time of 36 hours, the activity of xylanase produced by T. viride, A. niger and Penicillium sp. were subsequently 815 U/mL, 624 U/mL and 789 U/mL or equal to 8,146 U/g, 6,243 U/g and 7,892 U/g dry substrate. The particle size of the EFB is affect the growth and hence affects on xylanase production. It shows that the smaller size of EFB resulted in better fungal growth, which was indicated by higher biomass dry weight and higher protein content, as well as higher xylanase activity. The optimum conditions obtained xylanase activity is 740.6 U/mL or 5,095.5 U/g substrate, produced by T.viride ITB CC L.67 at 32.8oC and substrate ratio of 0.63.  

Keywords


Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB); optimation; solid state fermentation; xylanase; xylose

Full Text:

PDF

References


M. C. Damaso, A. M. De Castro, R. M. Castro, C. M. Andere, and N. J. Pereira, “Application of Xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus IOC-4145 for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corncob and Sugarcane Bagasse,†Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 113–116, pp. 1003–1012, 2004.

B. K. Bajaj and N. P. Singh, “Production of Xylanase From an Alkalitolerant Streptomyces sp. 7b Under Solid-State Fermentation, Its Purification, and Characterization,†Appl Biochem Biotechnol, vol. 162, pp. 1804–1818, 2010.

S. Nagar, V. K. Gupta, D. Kumar, L. Kumar, and R. C. Kuhad, “Production and optimization of cellulase-free, alkali-stable xylanase by Bacillus pumilus SV-85S in submerged fermentation,†J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 71–83, 2010.

M. Polizeli, A. Rizatti, R. Monti, H. F. Terenzi, J. Jorgi, and D. S. Amorim, “Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications,†Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 67, pp. 577–591, 2005.

Y. Xu, Y. Li, S. Xu, X. Wang, and J. Tang, “Improvement of xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 using response surface methodology for optimizing the medium composition,†Zhejiang Univ. Sci., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 558–566, 2008.

A. Pal and F. Khanum, “Purification of xylanase from Aspergillus niger DFR-5: Individual and interactive effect of temperature and pH on its stability,†Process Biochem., vol. 46, pp. 879–887, 2011.

X. Chen, X. Xingzho, and Z. Shunqing, “Site-directed mutagenesis of an Aspergillus niger xylanase B and its expression, purification and enzymatic characterization in Pichia pastoris,†Process Biochem., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 75–80, 2010.

L. Tran et al., “The Production of Xylitol by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Agricultural Wastes,†Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., vol. 9, pp. 223–228, 2004.

A. C. Knob and C. Eleonora, “Cell-associated acid β-xylosidase production by Penicillium sclerotiorum,†N. Biotechnol., vol. 26, pp. 60–67, 2009.

A. A. Assamoi, J. Destain, F. Delvigne, G. Lognay, and P. Thonart, “Solid-State Fermentation of Xylanase from Penicilliumcanescens 10-10c in a Multi-Layer-Packed Bed Reactor,†Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 145, no. 1–3, pp. 87–98, 2008.

S. Kar, A. Mandal, P. Mohapatra, S. Samanta, B. Pati, and K. Mondal, “Production of xylanase by immobilized Trichoderma reesei SAF3 in Ca-alginate beads,†Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 35, pp. 245–249, 2008.

A. Ahamed and P. Vermette, “Enhanced enzyme production from mixed cultures of Trichoderma reeseiRUT-C30 and Aspergillus niger LMA grown as a fed-batch in a stirred tank bioreactor,†Biochem. Eng. J., vol. 42, pp. 41–46, 2008.

G. Lopez, A. Ban˜ares-Hidalgo, and P. Estrada, “Xylanase II from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414: Conformational and Catalytic Stability to Chaotropes, Trifluoroethanol, and pH changes,†J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 38, pp. 113–125, 2011.

Xiong, H. Fennel, F. Leisola, M. Turunen, and Ossi, “Engineering the thermostability of Trichoderma reesei endo-1,4-[beta]-xylanase II by a combination of disulfide bridges,†Extremophiles, vol. 8, pp. 393–400, 2004.

P. Zhou, H. Zhu, Q. Yan, P. Katrolia, and Z. Jiang, “Purification and Properties of a Psychrotrophic Trichoderma sp. Xylanase and its Gene Sequence,†Appl Biochem Biotechnol, vol. 164, pp. 944–956, 2011.

C. Visvanathan, T. Setiadi, G. Herath, and H. Shi, “Ecoâ€Industrial Clusters in Urbanâ€Rural Fringe Areas,†Asian Institute of Technology Thailand, 2009.

S. H. A. Rahman, J. P. Choudhury, and A. L. Ahmad, “Production of xylose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber using sulfuric acid,†vol. 30, pp. 97–103, 2006.

E. Mardawati, A. Werner, T. Bley, M. Kresnowati, and T. Setiadi, “The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches to Xylose,†J. Japan Inst. Energy, vol. 93, pp. 973–978, 2014.

E. Mardawati, D. W. Wira, M. Kresnowati, R. Purwadi, and T. Setiadi, “Microbial Production of Xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Hydrolysate : The Effect of Glucose Concentration,†J. Japan Inst. Energy, vol. 94, pp. 769–774, 2015.

R. S. Rao, C. P. Jyothi, R. S. Prakasam, P. N. Sarma, and L. V Rao, “Xylitol production from corn fiber and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by Candida tropicalis,†Bioresour. Technol., vol. 97, pp. 1974–1978, 2006.

J. C. Parajó, H. Dominguez, and J. M. Dominguez, “Biotechnological Production Of Xylitol Part I: Interest Of Xylitol And Fundamentals Of Its Biosynthesis,†Bioresour. Technol., vol. 65, pp. 191–211, 1998.

M. Raimbault, “General and Microbiological Aspects of Solid Substrate Fermentation,†J. Biotechnol., vol. 1, no. 3, 1998.

C. Krishna, “Solid-State Fermentation Systems-An Overview,†Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., vol. 25, pp. 1–30, 2005.

M. Kresnowati, E. Mardawati, and T. Setiadi, “Production of Xylitol from Oil Palm Empty Friuts Bunch : A Case Study on Biorefinery Concept,†Mod. Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 206–213, 2015.

E. Mardawati, A. Trirakhmadi, M. Kresnowati, and T. Setiadi, “Kinetic study on Fermentation of xylose for The Xylitol Production,†J. Ind. Inf. Technol. Agric., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2017.

H. F. Prado, F. C. Pavezzi, R. S. Leite, V. M. Oliveira, L. D. Sette, and R. Da Silva, “Screening and Production Study of Microbial Xylanase Producers from Brazilian Cerrado,†Appl Biochem Biotechnol, vol. 161, pp. 333–346, 2010.

E. Mardawati, R. Andoyo, K. A. Syukra, M. Kresnowati, and Y. Binder, “Production of xylitol from corn cob hydrolysate through acid and enzymatic hydrolysis by yeast,†in Earth and Environmental Science, 2018, pp. 1–11.

E. Mardawati, R. Purwadi, M. Kresnowati, and T. Setiadi, “Evaluation of The Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Crude Fungal Xylanase,†ARPN Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 18, pp. 5286–5292, 2017.

A. Sluiter, B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter, and D. Templeton, “Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples,†A Natl. Lab. U.S Dep. Energy, 2008.

S. Abd-Aziz, G. Siew Hung, M. Ali Hasan, and N. Samat, “Indirect Method for Quantification of Cell Biomass During Solid-state Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake Based on Protein Content,†Asian J. Sci. Res., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 385–393, 2008.

M. M. Bradford, “A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microorganisms quantities of protein in utilizing the principle of proteinâ€dye binding,†Anal. Biochem, vol. 72, pp. 248–254, 1976.

M. J. Bailey and K. Poutanen, “Production of Xylanolytic Enzymes by Strains Aspergillus,†Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 30, pp. 5–10, 1989.

M. Bar, “Kinetics and physicochemical properties of white rot fungi,†Bloemfontein, 2001.

B. Adney and J. Baker, “Measurement of Cellulase Activities, Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP),†2008.

U. Hölker and J. Lenz, “Solid-state fermentation - are there any biotechnological advantages?,†Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol. 8, pp. 301–306, 2005.

G. S. Lakshmi, G. Suvarna, and P. L. Prakasham, “Sustainable Bioprocess Evaluation for Xylanase Production by Isolated Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus fumigatus Under Solid-State Fermentation Using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber,†Current Trends in Biotechnology & Pharmacy, pp. 1434–1444, 2011.

F. Xin and A. Gang, “Horticultural waste as the substrate for cellulase and hemicellulase production by Trichoderma reesei under solid-state fermentation,†Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 162, pp. 295–306, 2010.

M. L. Shuler and F. Kargi, “Bioprocess Engineering : Basic Concepts.†Prentice Hall International Series USA.

F. M. Squina, A. J. Mort, S. R. Decker, and R. A. Prade, “Xylan decomposition by Aspergillus clavatus endo-xylanase,†Protein Expr. Purif., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 65–71, 2009.

A. Knob and E. C. Carmona, “Purification and Characterization of Two Extracellular Xylanases from Penicillium sclerotiorum: A Novel Acidophilic Xylanase,†Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 429–443, 2010.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.8.6.4196

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development