Modeling and Optimization of Electrocoagulation Voltage and Water Immersion Time on Heavy Metal Reduction in Fish

Sandra Sandra, Yusuf Hendrawan, Tri Wahyu Perdana, Musthofa Lutfi, Bambang Dwi Argo

Abstract


Fish that are in polluted waters can contain heavy metals reaching 0.62 mg/kg. While the maximum limit of heavy metals in fish is only up to 0.3 mg/kg. Consumption of fish containing high heavy metals can cause poisoning to death. This study aimed to model and optimize electrocoagulation stress and distilled water immersion time on heavy metals content by using response surface methodology (RSM). Several studies have proven the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation process and the process of distilled water immersion to reduce levels of heavy metals in fish. If the two methods are combined, it might increase the effectiveness of reducing heavy metals. This study used two treatment factors, i.e., the distilled water immersion time factor of 30-90 minutes and the electrocoagulation voltage factor of 6-18 volts. From the results of the RSM, the best model to reduce the heavy metals content was a quadratic model. From the control point of heavy metals contamination in tilapia fish of 14.73 ppm, it was found that the highest heavy metals reduction was at the treatment of 35.51 minutes immersion time and 6.24 volts of electrocoagulation voltage. The maximum result of heavy metals reduction in tilapia fish based on predictions was 86.319%. In comparison, the validation test in the actual experiment was 90.21%, so the optimization results can be said to be valid because of the error value (4.5%) was less than 5%.

Keywords


distilled water soaking; electrocoagulation; fish; RSM.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Tian, K, Wu, Q, Liu, P, Hu, W, Huang, B, Shi, B, Zhou, Y, Kwon, B, Choi, K, Ryu, J, Khim, J S, Wang, T. “Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water from the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Seaâ€, Environment International, vol. 136, pp. 105512, 2020.

Yu, R, Hu, G, Lin, C, Yang, Q, Zhang, C, Wang, X. “Contamination of heavy metals and isotopic tracing of Pb in intertidal surface sediments of Jinjiang River Estuary, SE Chinaâ€, Applied Geochemistry, vol. 83, pp. 41-49, 2017.

Conversa, G, Miedico, O, Chiaravalle, A E, Elia, A. “Heavy metal contents in green spears of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) grown in Southern Italy: Variability among farms, genotypes and effect of soil mycorrhizal inoculation.â€, Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 256, pp. 108559, 2019.

Milenkovic, B, Stajic, J M, Stojic, N, Pucarevic, M, Strbac, S. “Evaluation of heavy metals and radionuclides in fish and seafood productsâ€, Chemosphere, vol. 229, pp. 324-331, 2019.

Aytekin, T, Kargin, D, Cogun, H Y, Temiz, O, Varkal, H S, Kargin, F. “Accumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in tissues of the shrimp and fish species from the Yumurtalik coast of Iskenderun Gulf, Turkeyâ€, Heliyon, vol. 5, 02131, 2019.

Rahman, M S, Hossain, M S, Ahmed, M K, Akhter, S, Jolly, Y N, Kabir, M J, Choudhury, T R. “Assessment of heavy metals contamination in selected tropical marine fish species in Bangladesh and their impact on human healthâ€, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, vol. 11, 100210, 2019.

Luczynska, J, Paszcyk, B, Luczynski, M J. “Fish as a bioindicator of heavy metals pollution in aquatic ecosystem of Pluszne Lake, Poland, and risk assessment for consumer's healthâ€, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 153, pp. 60-67, 2018.

Vareda, J P, Valente, A J M, Duraes, L. “Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: A reviewâ€, Journal of Environmental Management, vol 246, pp. 101-118, 2019.

Doggaz, A, Attour, A, Mostefa, M L P, Tlili, M, Lapicque, F. “Removal of heavy metals by electrocoagulation from hydrogenocarbonate-containing waters: Compared cases of divalent iron and zinc cationsâ€, Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 29, 100796, 2019.

Kim, T, Kim, T K, Zoh, K D. “Removal mechanism of heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cr) in the presence of cyanide during electrocoagulation using Fe and Al electrodesâ€, Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 33, 101109, 2020.

Vakili, M, Deng, S, Cagnetta, G, Wang, W, Meng, P, Liu, D, Yu, G. “Regeneration of chitosan-based adsorbents used in heavy metal adsorption: A reviewâ€, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 224, pp. 373-387, 2019.

Thilagar, Gobinath, Samuthirapandian, Ravichandran. “Chitosan from crustacean shell waste and its protective role against lead toxicity in Oreochromis mossambicusâ€, Toxicology Reports, vol. 7, pp. 296-303, 2020.

Bonilla, F, Chouljenko, A, Lin, A, Young, B M, Goribidanur, T S, Blake, J C, Bechtel, P T, Sathivel, S. “Chitosan and water-soluble chitosan effects on refrigerated catfish fillet qualityâ€, Food Bioscience, vol. 31, 100426, 2019.

Xu, X, Yang, Y, Wang, G, Zhang, S, Cheng, Z, Li, T, Yang, Z, Xian, J, Yang, Y, Zhou, W. “Removal of heavy metals from industrial sludge with new plant–based washing agentsâ€, Chemosphere, vol. 246, 125816, 2020.

Dura, Am Brslin, C B. “Electrocoagulation using aluminum anodes activated with Mg, In and Zn alloying elementsâ€, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 366, pp. 39-45, 2019.

Nejad, Z G, Borghei, S M, Yaghmaei, S, Zadeh, A H. “Developing a new approach for (biological) optimal control problems: Application to optimization of laccase production with a comparison between response surface methodology and novel geometric procedureâ€, Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 309, pp. 23-33, 2019.

Maniyam, M N, Hari, M, Yaacob, N S. “Enhanced methylene blue decolourization by Rhodococcus strain UCC 0003 grown in banana peel agricultural waste through response surface methodologyâ€, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol 23, 101486, 2020.

Asadu, C O, Egbuna, S O, Chime, T O, Eze, C N, Kevin, D, Mbah, G O, Ezema, A C. “Survey on solid wastes management by composting: Optimization of key process parameters for biofertilizer synthesis from agro wastes using response surface methodology (RSM)â€, Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, vol. 3, pp. 52-61, 2019.

Roy, S, Manna, S, Sengupta, S, Ganguli, A, Goswami, S, Das, P. “Comparative assessment on defluorination of waste water using chemical and bio-reduced graphene oxide: Batch, thermodynamic, kinetics and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural networkâ€, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol 111, pp. 221-231, 2017.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.2.11362

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development