Non-Linear Control of a DC Microgrid for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Abdelkarim Benamar, Pierre Travaillé, Jean-Michel Clairand, Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá

Abstract


Environmental concerns push governments to invest in renewable energy (RE). They are natural sources with a low carbon footprint and do not pollute locally. However, it is technically difficult to deploy high penetration of RE into the utility grid, due to the generation uncertainties and high installation costs, which are some of the most critical issues in RES use in this area. To address this issue, DC microgrids arise as a solution to integrate local distributed generation (DG) and storage, and to mitigate the issues related to AC/DC and DC/AC converters. Thanks to their main advantages for the power grid and energy consumers, microgrids have gained significant interest in recent years.  By another side, the electric vehicles (EVs) market is expected to grow in the coming years, which represent a new load that must be properly managed to avoid grid issues. Thus, this paper discusses the operation of DC microgrid considering the introduction of EVs. A nonlinear control is presented, including the modeling of charging of EVs. The simulated DC microgrid includes solar PV, a battery, and a supercapacitor. Significant variations from PV generation were included to highlight the performance of the methodology. The results show that the voltage fluctuations are small, which provides the DC microgrid with the required voltage stability. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that DC microgrids can be integrated in isolated locations that are not connected to the main grid in view of the RESs and EVs.

Keywords


electric vehicle; smart grid; DC microgrid; nonlinear control.

Full Text:

PDF

References


H. Lotfi and A. Khodaei, “AC versus DC microgrid planning,†IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 296–304, 2017.

T. DragiÄević, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “DC Microgrids - Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues,†IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3528–3549, 2016.

D. E. Olivares et al., “Trends in microgrid control,†IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905–1919, 2014.

T. Dragicevic, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “DC Microgrids - Part I: A Review of Control Strategies and Stabilization Techniques,†IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 4876–4891, 2016.

J. J. Justo, F. Mwasilu, J. Lee, and J. W. Jung, “AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with distributed energy resources: A review,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 24, pp. 387–405, 2013.

B. Liu, F. Zhuo, Y. Zhu, and H. Yi, “System Operation and Energy Management of a Renewable Energy-Based DC Micro-Grid for High Penetration Depth Application,†IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1147–1155, 2015.

P. Sanjeev, N. P. Padhy, and P. Agarwal, “Peak energy management using renewable integrated DC microgrid,†IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4906–4917, 2018.

K. Liu, T. Liu, Z. Tang, and D. J. Hill, “Distributed MPC-Based Frequency Control in Networked Microgrids with Voltage Constraints,†IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. c, pp. 1–1, 2019.

H. Kakigano, Y. Miura, R. Uchida, and I. Engineering, “Low-Voltage Bipolar-Type DC Microgrid for Super High Quality Distribution,†IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3148–3154, 2010.

F. Locment and M. Sechilariu, “Modeling and simulation of DC microgrids for electric vehicle charging stations,†Energies, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 4335–4356, 2015.

K. W. Hu and C. M. Liaw, “Incorporated operation control of DC microgrid and electric vehicle,†IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 202–215, 2016.

J.-M. Clairand, J. Rodríguez-García, and C. Ãlvarez-Bel, “Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy for Isolated Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Generation,†Energies, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1–21, 2018.

B. Aluisio, M. Dicorato, I. Ferrini, G. Forte, R. Sbrizzai, and M. Trovato, “Optimal sizing procedure for electric vehicle supply infrastructure based on DC microgrid with station commitment,†Energies, vol. 12, no. 10, 2019.

M. I. Ghiasi, M. A. Golkar, and A. Hajizadeh, “Lyapunov Based-Distributed Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Control for Building Integrated-DC Microgrid with Plug-In Electric Vehicle,†IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 7746–7752, 2017.

P. Kundur et al., “Definition and Classification of Power System Stability,†IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1387–1401, 2004.

D. Chen and L. Xu, “Autonomous DC voltage control of a DC microgrid with multiple slack terminals,†IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1897–1905, 2012.

J. C. Choi, H. Y. Jeong, J. Y. Choi, D. J. Won, S. J. Ahn, and S. il Moon, “Voltage control scheme with distributed generation and grid connected converter in a DC microgrid,†Energies, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 6477–6491, 2014.

A. Iovine, M. Jim, and G. Damm, “Nonlinear Control for DC MicroGrids Enabling Efficient Renewable Power Integration and Ancillary Services for AC grids,†IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 8950, no. c, pp. 1–10, 2018.

S. R. Sanders, J. M. Noworolski, X. Z. Liu, and G. C. Verghese, “Generalized Averaging Method for Power,†IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 251–259, 1991.

S. B. Siad, A. Malkawi, G. Damm, L. Lopes, and L. G. Dol, “Nonlinear control of a DC MicroGrid for the integration of distributed generation based on different time scales,†Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 111, no. April, pp. 93–100, 2019.

A. Iovine et al., “Voltage Stabilization in a DC MicroGrid by an ISS-like Lyapunov Function implementing Droop Control,†2018 Eur. Control Conf., pp. 1130–1135, 2018.

Mathworks, “Simulink.†[Online]. Available: https://es.mathworks.com/products/simulink.html.

BYD, “Bus eléctrico K9G.†[Online]. Available: https://bydelectrico.com/buses-electricos/bus-electrico-k9/.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.2.10815

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development